Vital Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Essay - 1632 Words

Vital Pharmaceuticals Inc. (VPX) is a supplement company whose mission is: â€Å"To produce the highest-grade, university proven sports nutrition supplements and performance beverages in the world† 1. While there have been several clinical studies on VPX products as a whole, which have helped back their product claims, the company have not tested all 39 products they manufacture. However there is enough base level research on individual ingredients found in the products that can help prove the legitimacy of product claims. This gives the impression of reputability to VPX; however, caution should still be used in carrying all of VPX products. Many of the products have proprietary blends which may hide the actual amount of active ingredients 2.†¦show more content†¦With this information VPX product could be carried in our store with limited concerns of bad publicity. Even being a reputable company I would not be able to find that giving VPX exclusive rights being the be st option for our company. Costumers have preferences in ingredients as well as flavors and our company would benefit from caring several supplement brands, with VPX being one of them. VPX has claims for most of the products, with most of the emphasis appearing to be for the fat loss supplement line of products. A careful eye most be used when examining the claims as several, even though backed by university research, have shocking claims, which may be estimated due to experimental flaws. An example of one such flaw is the claim that NO Shotgun increased maximal weight in the Bench Press and Leg Press, being 1067% and 55% respectfully 4. This may be true for the test groups, but most people buying VPX will not be untrained individuals such as the ones used in that study 4. For the uninformed this will make NO Shotgun, as well as any other product with similar claims due to experimental error, to possibly crisis the product for not having as profound of effect on them when used. However, with this being said, the claims made are supported by the results found in the university studies in theShow MoreRelatedThe Biotechnology Innovation Organization Defines The Biotec h Industry906 Words   |  4 Pagesharnesses cellular and bio-molecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet.† This Vital sector of the free market is comprised of many great companies. The five choices that I have selected are, in my opinion, the best choices to represent the biotechnology industry. My first choice was AbbVie Inc., or (ABBV), and on the date of purchase their stock was trading at $64.08 per share. On the date of purchasing their stock I bought 312 sharesRead MoreThe Strategic Plan of Pfizer Incorporated: A Research1858 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Strategic Plan of Pfizer Pfizer Brief Company Profile Pfizer Inc is a multinational investment company. It ventures in the medical and pharmaceutical industry. It is renowned as a giant pharmaceutical company, founded in 1849. It is based in the United States, New York, Manhattan at Midtown. It is the largest universal producer and trader of pharmaceuticals (Turner, 2005, pg 161). Some of the products availed to the market by the company are Lipitor, Lyrica, Diflucan, Zithromax, Zoloft,Read MoreThe Cost Of Clinical Trials1202 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment and subsequent marketing and sales. Failure of these relationships, poor performance by those companies, or even disputes could negatively impact Gilead’s operations. Gilead relies on a number of collaborative relationships with other pharmaceutical companies for marketing and sales performance in certain geographic areas that include the United States, Europe and Canada, as well as territories outside of the United States. In some countries, Gilead relies on international d istributors forRead MoreEssay on Pfizer Macroeconomic Forecast1715 Words   |  7 PagesMacroeconomic Forecast Pfizer, Inc. March 14, 2005 Abstract This paper is a Macroeconomic Forecast Outline of Pfizer, Inc. This outline will identify main economic indicators for Pfizer as a business entity and as a representative of pharmaceutical industry. This paper will identify sources of various data collected based on economical activity and relationships between different economical indicators. Main Economic Indicators The purpose of economic indicators is to provide for researchersRead MoreSWOT Analysis: Pfizer Essay examples1086 Words   |  5 PagesEvery human being health is very important and we cannot function if our health is not intact. That is the reason why I choose Pfizer for my SWOT analysis, because Pfizer is the world’s largest research-based pharmaceutical company and ranking #1 in the United States. Good health is vital to all of us, and finding reasonable solutions to the most intriguing health care challenges of our world waits for no one. Thats why Pfizer is committed to applying science and our global resources to improveRead MoreNew Marketing Plan For Maple Pharma Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Maple, an embryonic stage pharmaceutical company, beganits odyssey when Maple Pharmaceutical Inc, headquartered in Toronto, Canada decided to expand its pharma business to a larger scale by providing highly advance manufacturing facility in Pakistan. The company began its operations on 1st October 2007. The company’s aim is to become world’s most broad- based pharmaceutical companies by manufacturing quality medicines, which regulates the demand of the developed world. Within a shortRead MoreStrategies Management Of Pharmaceutical Company1521 Words   |  7 PagesStrategies Management of Pharmaceutical Company GSK (GLASO Smith) Strategies Formulation Introduction GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) is a British multinational shopper medicinal services, antibodies, biologics and pharmaceutical organization. It is a fifth positioning FTSE 100 Company taking into account market capitalization as at shut on 27th July 2012 (Morning Star, 2012). It was built up in the year 2000 by the merger of Glaxo Wellcom plc and SmithKline Beecham plc and has its home office in LondonRead MoreIndustry Analysis of Nucleon, Inc.4932 Words   |  20 PagesNucleon, Inc. Final Case Table of Contents I. Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 II. Strategy Identification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦4 ââ€" ª Key Issues and Problems III. Strategy Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 ââ€" ª Industry Analysis – Porter’s 5 Forces ââ€" ª Market Positioning Graph (Figure 1) ââ€" ª Competitor Analysis – VRIO (Table 1) IV. Strategic Option Development†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreValue Proposition : Company s Product And Service Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagesget from using your product or service. Things like greater revenue opportunity, a competitive advantage, reduced cost and expense, and new offering that expands current revenue should be discussed here. Our zinc peptide technology has proven to be vital to the wound care industry and is gaining fast acceptance in the high end skin and hair care markets. Distribution agreements give the products international market penetration. NewAge BIOTECH’s medical and corporate customers enjoy the benefit ofRead MoreUnilab Case Analysis1646 Words   |  7 PagesApril 10, 2010 – CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF UNITED LABORATORIES, INC. (UNILAB) OBJECTIVES: Their primary goal is to develop, manufacture and market a wide range of prescription and consumer health products covering all major therapeutic categories. Many of these products are now leading brands in the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Vietnam and Myanmar. Unilab operates strategically located manufacturing facilities throughout Southeast Asia, linked

How Can A Focus On Gender Enrich Our Understanding Of...

How can a focus on gender enrich our understanding of contemporary media? Gender is a social construct—that is, a society s assumptions about the way a man or woman should look and behave. It is argued that the media plays a big role in the way that gender is created and is influenced over society. The Mass media plays a significant role in a modern world, by broadcasting information in fast pace and giving entertainment to vast audiences. This essay is going to assess whether a focus on gender can enrich our understanding of contemporary media, by analysing gender roles within the television show Sex in the City. Sex in the City is an American television show based on the lives of four young New York bachelorettes who lead and confide in each-other their changing and confusing sex lives. Carrie is the main character of the show, she is a writer for relationships and sex for women, and has come to the city in search for love, which eventually she finds with Mr Big. Miranda is career focused lawyer also in search for love, which eventually she finds but has the ultimatum of choosing a career or her family. Charlotte is a traditional romantic in search for a husband and family. She is very prude when it comes to sex and cares about the way people perceive her. Samantha is a publicist who has a busy sex life with multiple short relationships, she also cares a lot about looking young and being able to keep her urge for sex going. These jobs fulfil a need based more onShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Modern Civilization in Contemporary Installation Art1952 Words   |  8 Pagesmost crucial factors to survive during these periods. However, in this postmodern time period, many contemporary installation artists use sculptural materials and other mixed media to transform the way a particular space is practiced. Objects used in contemporary art have a range from each day of our life or natural materials to new media such as installation, performance, video or sound. Contemporary postmodern practices often face and undermine what is familiar to us in the world of art, which justifiesRead MoreJudith Butler in Media Studies3516 Words   |  15 Pages Judith Butler in Media Studies When reading a biography of Judith Butler, a person would typically see a discussion of a highly intelligent philosopher of feminism, political theory, ethical and moral responsibility or gender studies. Her bibliographies are commonly describes as have a career focused on â€Å"research ranging from literary theory, modern philosophical fiction, feminist, gender and sexuality studies, to 19th- and 20th-century European literature and philosophy, Kafka and loss, mourningRead MoreChallenges in Cross-Cultural Communication and How to Overcome Them.3559 Words   |  15 PagesAssignment – 01 Challenges In Cross-cultural Communication And How To Overcome Them. Introduction Culture is a shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations and norms for behavior. Simply, culture is the integration of what a man does, what he wears, what he eats, what he believes and so on. Cultural background influences the way a man prioritizes what is important in life, helps define his attitude toward what is appropriate in any situation and establishes the rulesRead MoreThe Hegemonic Construction Of Ireland2740 Words   |  11 Pagesand challenges. This essay aims to analyse the current hegemonic construction of Ireland as an open, welcoming and multicultural society on account of immigration. Additionally, the essay will draw upon the overpowering prejudices shaped within contemporary Irish society by way of examining experiences of racism within migration and non-nationals. For the purpose of this essay, the definition of an immigrant will follow closely what Hammar has proposed, â€Å"An ‘immigrant’ is a person who migrates toRead MoreInfluence of Western Music in India5719 Words   |  23 Pages1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backdrop of the study The creation, performance, significance and even the definition of music vary according to culture and context. Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. 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A section on citizenship aimed at secondary schools is included and a statement on Sex and Relati onships Education in church schools. You will also find examples of how aspects of spiritual, moral, social and cultural development can be promoted across all curriculum areas

Airwide International free essay sample

Airwide International, a company that specializes in the production and selling of air conditioning units in Europe and Asia, experienced some tough times in the China division. To keep things simple, the China division was losing customers to competitiors and experienced a dismal 2% growth in one quarter. The divisions main problem was that they were not in tune with the wants and needs of their customers. Airwide had been relying on their old methods of selling and their relationships with their clients in order to sell their product. The downside to this, which the China division experienced first hand, is that when the buyers change their methods or values, the sellers are forced to compensate if they wish to stay competitive. For example, one of the sales engineers for Airwide had shared a story with Mr. Wei (sales manager of the China division) that a long time customer of Airwide had switched to a competitors product when a new manager of the buyer was in control. We will write a custom essay sample on Airwide International or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The old sale was always made because of the strong relationship between Airwide International and the manager of the buying company. When that manager left, so did the relationship and eventually the contracts. A final lesson that can be taken away from this case is the idea that a customer  is no longer just one person, but is moving in the direction of the whole company making a democratic decision. Executives of buying companies are still making decisions on certain products but it is also true that the process is becoming more democratic. The case describes this situation   by seeing the customer as a â€Å"school of fish†. They are all traveling in the same direction but it is a collective group, not just one individual. Sales people must therefore tailor their selling strategies to persuade a multitude of people and not just one person. Key Issues/Suggested Solutions * Communication Between Customers- In business, communication is essential if a company is to succeed. Being able to communicate and persuade someone with your words and actions defines a person as either successful or unsuccessful. Airwide International failed to communicate with their customers about their products and eventually lost contracts as a result. * Communication Between Sales People – When the extra training for the sales people did not help solve the profit problem, Mr. Wei could have been more effective if he had polled the sales people and specifically asked them what the issue was. He did do this with one of his sales people but a broader spectrum of sales people is needed in order to figure out the whole issue. Tiredness of Salespeople – Increasing the amount of work that a company asks a sales person to accomplish is obviously going to make them increasingly more tired as the day progresses. When Mr. Wei added incentives for the sales people that did particularly well according to his standards, he was doing the right thing in order to motivate his employees, even though it ended up a failure in the end. There comes a point where the amount of work just outweighs any incentive to do well. This is simply human nature. A  solution to  this is hiring more sales people so that their is less burden on each individual sales person. * Disinterest in Sales Tactics- From interpretation of the Airwide International case, it appears that the customers became disinterested in the products that Airwide International was producing or the sales people simply could no longer sell the products effectively. Airwide was losing contracts with customers when the competitor sold the same exact product at  a more expensive price. This typically does not happen unless the competitor has a better customer value proposition. If this is in fact the case, Airwide should change change their tactics competely and managers and executives must find a customer value proposition that is more effective than the competitors. Buyers Viewpoint: As a previous customer of Airwide International who has just switched to a competitors product, I would view the tactics of the Airwide International sales people as prehistoric in nature. Airwide did not offer any new additions to their product that would make it more enticing than what we already have. The world is constantly changing, and so businesses that buy air conditioning products are going to want the most innovative product that is out there on the market. As a CEO, and im sure many other CEO’s have the same viewpoint, we don’t mind paying a little bit extra if the extra money is going to a more innovative and specifically designed product. The product line for Airwide is so simple and generic that it does not interest us. We would rather pay extra to get a product that is â€Å"new† and does more for our company than any old fashioned air conditoner could do. Seller’s Viewpoint: As a Airwide International Salesman, I do not understand why companies are not taking our air conditioners over our competitors. We offer many different kinds of air conditioning units that can be used in any sort of house or business. WE have been around for so long that we must be doing something right. We are even able to offer our customers the cheapest units out there on the market yet we are still losing deals to our competitors. It is starting to become sad that we cannot even satisfy our long time customers anymore.

Womens Suffrage Movement Essay Example

Womens Suffrage Movement Essay For the past few decades the goal of feminism has been to achieve equal rights for women. It began with the efforts of Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton who laid the frame for the Womens Suffrage Movement and later movements to come. They set out to clear the board of patriarchal domination. Since women were not permitted to attend the World Anti-Slavery convention, Mott and Stanton organized the first womens rights convention, Seneca Falls, in 1848 (56). It is this key event, which marks the initial effort toward achieving equal rights for women. Equal status for women was thought to be against the will of God during the nineteenth century. This accounts for the small fraction of women writers recognized during this era. Of this number, a young woman by the name of Emily Elizabeth Dickinson is considered to be the most distinguished. Emily Dickinsons, She Rose to His Requirements, provides a window into the way nineteenth century culture constructed and understood concepts such as gender, marriage and sexual personae. The majority of Dickinsons poetry is based on death, love and eternity. Based on the context of the poem, She Rose to His Requirements, we will examine the cultural attitudes toward gender, marriage and sexual personae, which exist in the nineteenth century. In comparing these attitudes to those, which exist in the twenty-first century we will determine whether or not equal rights for women is truly a reality. One should take into consideration, Betty Friedans term, the feminine mystique. This term is in reference to traditional female roles. We will write a custom essay sample on Womens Suffrage Movement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Womens Suffrage Movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Womens Suffrage Movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer During the nineteenth century, the role of women was rather limited and pejorative: the wife, the mother, and the home- maker. In Dickinsons poem, She Rose to His Requirement, the idea of the feminine mystique is present. She rose to his requirement__dropt The playthings of her life To take the honorable work Of woman, and of wife (1-5) Line two of this stanza brings up an aspect of patriarchal domination. The word playthings may refer to the age of the female in the poem and suggests that the female is of adolescence. Line four of this stanza supports this factor in that the poet uses woman versus wife to indicate that the young girl has not yet reached maturity. Another possible interpretation of the use of the word playthings is that the young woman may unwillingly be sacrificing her goals, aspirations, or dreams to play the expected role of a woman of this era. During this period in time it is very common for a female to be married at a very young age, in order to secure her familys wealth or to strengthen her family name. However, this poses a problem: the loss of innocence and identity due to conformity and constraint. Naomi Wolfs, usage of the metaphorical term, Iron Maiden Imagery, supports the existence of this phenomenon (51). Before the term can be understood metaphorically, one must understand its initial meaning. Initially, the Iron Maiden was a term used to describe a type of torture or punishment inflicted upon women of mid-evil times. This torture entailed a women being enclosed in a wooden box, which was internally embedded with metal spikes. As the box was closed, entrapping the female, the metal spikes would puncture the flesh and she would bleed to death. Metaphorically, the Iron Maiden describes the entrapment of a woman in her own body. Perhaps Emily Dickinsons purpose for writing poetry such as this is to escape the constraining roles of women of the nineteenth century. Because outlets for feminine expression are few, this may be a form of passive expression in which Dickinson rebels against patriarchal domination. An example of this passive rebellion arises in stanza two. If ought she missed in her new day, Of amplitude, or awe__ Or first prospective__ or the gold In using, wear away (6-9) Here Dickinson mocks the presence of euphoria on the young girls wedding day. By using the words amplitude, awe, and prospective, the poet applies negative connotation to what is supposed to be the happiest day in a womans life. This may suggest that Dickinson holds a negative view of marriage Many of Emily Dickinsons poems are characterized by the intricate use of metaphors. She uses metaphors more literally than anyone else in major literature (Paglia 637). An example surfaces in stanza three. It lay unmentioned__as the sea Develope pearl and weed, But only to himself__be known The fathoms they abide__ (11-14) In this stanza, it refers to the gold wedding ring in stanza two which, as implied by the poet, will no longer be in use later in the marriage. The sea image used by the poet is appropriate because it is in reference to the word wear (stanza two) which means to cause a ship to turn about with the stern facing the wind. A fathom is a unit of about six feet, which is used to measure the depth of water. By using such words, Dickinson has painted a vivid picture of what the marriage will be like in the future, thus her use of literal metaphors. Because of Dickinsons literal use of metaphors in the poem, we can accurately compare the attitudes toward gender, marriage and sexual personae, which are present in the nineteenth century to those, which are present in the twenty-first century. It appears that in the nineteenth century these attitudes were strongly governed by patriarchal domination. The only purpose women were to serve was that of the wife and child bearer. A woman deemed out spoken was shunned and could never expect to be married if she carried herself in this manner. The irony in the poem arises in the title. The title suggests a step up while the poem itself suggests submissiveness and inferiority. The context of the poem implies that sublimation in women can only occur once she is married. In the twenty-first century, women are bound by beauty, for it has come to exist within society as a commodity, a product, which can be bought and sold. Women are bound by the concept of beauty, for it applies mainly to physical appearance and excludes the beauty of personality and character. Liberal women are often shunned as in the nineteenth century and the idea that men are superior to women has not ceased to exist either. For example, gender discrimination is evident when taking into consideration the stipends of male and female employees who work for the same company, perform the same tasks, and answer to the same boss. The male employee often receives a significantly higher stipend than that of the female employee. Where is the equity in this? The existence of equal rights for women may exist only in spirit, thus it can be referred to as a ghost theory. Equality between genders does not exist. It, along with the concepts of racism and miscegenation, is beyond societys reach. Perhaps the male gender is afraid of what will transpire as a result. Gender equality is feared and remains an unseen aspect of societal development, thus the term ghost theory.